The current study has been conducted to understand the organizational commitment levels of the teachers, who are currently working at the Libyan schools, which are operating in Turkey based on their different personal factors (gender, marital status, age and length of service). This data set has been collected by asking 116 teachers to fill-in questionnaires. The mentioned teachers are currently working for 10 Libyan schools operating in Turkey. The questionnaire includes the first part consisting of demographic questions while its second part deals with the questions pertaining to the teachers’ organizational commitment levels. In order to measure the teachers’ personal factors like seniority, gender, age, and marital status, the first part has been carefully designed. In the second part, eighteen organizational commitment assessment items were selected for measuring the teachers’ organizational commitment levels. For this purpose, we applied an already tried and tested scale, which was originally developed by Allen, Smith and Meyer (1993), so as to test the four hypotheses. According to our one-way variance analysis, the mean scores obtained for the teachers showed significant differences in organizational commitment when variables like marital status and age were taken as independent variables.

This paper studies the impact of global oil price fluctuations on global exchange rates of the dollar against the euro (USD/EUR), using the bounds testing approach method to test co-integration, error correction model, in the framework of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) by Pesaran et al. (2001) during the period from 1990 to 2016. Moreover, the results of the analysis showed a positive balance relationship between the two variables in the long and short term. On the other hand, our estimates suggest that, 1% depreciation in the dollar leads to 0.58 rises in the oil price in the long run. The error correction results show that coefficient of (ECM) = -0.43, imply that deviation from the long-term exchange rate is corrected by 43% by the following year. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended the need for coordination between movements of oil prices and financial policy for what needs economic political mechanism of delicate balance.

The aim of this paper is to study the impact of price shocks on economic growth in Libya using a sample of annual observations from 1990 to 2016. We apply autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models for the analysis of long-run relations between variables. Our estimates suggest that oil price increases have a statistically significant and positive effect on the economic growth of Libya. However, that the positive change 1% in the shock of crude oil prices has a positive impact on Libya's GDP by 0.29%. In addition, the error correction (ECM) results showed that 68% of the imbalance from the previous year's shock converges to the long-term equilibrium in the current year. Overall, the results indicate that crude oil prices have had a positive impact on economic growth in the long-term, while trade openness and imports have had a negative impact on economic growth. Finally, to overcome the impact of fluctuations in oil prices, long-term plans should be initiated to diversify the Libyan economy and gradually reduce dependence on the oil.

This paper examines how oil price shocks affect the Libyan economicgrowth over the period from 1990 to 2016. Using the autoregressive distributedlag (ARDL) bounds test, the study finds that oil price changes affect theLibyan economic growth. Oil prices are important in explaining GDP movements.Moreover, this test suggests that oil price has a long-term positive impact oneconomic growth. Our empirical results indicate a two-way causal relationshipbetween oil prices and GDP, while a one-way causal relationship arises fromimports and trade openness to oil prices. However, oil price shocks do notappear to have a statistically significant effect on the trade balance. Theresult shows that the country should formulate appropriate energy conservationpolicies taking into cognizance of her peculiar condition.

The exchange rate is not only a determinant of economic activity but also a factor affecting the performance of stock market. In other words, the exchange rate volatility makes an impact on the stock market of any economy. This study has attempted to determine the relationship between exchange rate and stock prices of Middle East countries, using the GARCH model for the period Jan-2004 to Apr-2018, to make an econometric analysis. In this context, various time series analysis and Granger causality test were applied. Results of analyses show a strong evidence of causation running from exchange rate to stock prices; implying several variations such as Dubai stock prices experienced exchange rate volatility while the Saudi stock market witnessed a unidirectional relationship running from stock prices to exchange rate implying that variations the Saudi exchange rate determines the stock prices volatility. Finally, in the Egyptian stock market, no relationship between the exchange rate and stock prices was witnessed which means that changes in Egyptian stock prices cannot be explained by the volatility in the exchange rate.

This study aimed to know the effect of oil rents on the economic growth of in a panel of nine selected oil exporting countries by the panel integration for 1997 to 2015. Our findings suggest that there is one-way strong causality running from oil rents to GDPG and foreign direct investment. Also, the long run elasticity coefficient reveals that the 1% change in oil rents will change the GDP growth by 0.46%. The results of the coefficient (ECM) are-0.1459 meaning that system corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 14.5% annually to reach at the steady state. OPEC countries should pursue an integrated economic policy by diversifying sources of GDP and not relying solely on oil revenues because the latter is heavily affected by fluctuations in world oil prices and the exchange rate against local currencies.

Evaluating the sources of economic growth is obviously important, and numerous attempts have been made to judge the impact of many different factors on economic growth. Since some empirical studies have reported that information technology (IT) is one of the important factors in economic growth, this paper explores the impact of ICT on the economic growth of nine Arab countries (United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Lebanon, Morocco, and Oman) during the period 1997-2015. To achieve the objective of the study, a methodology was used to mix time series data with a (Panel data Approach) model by applying Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and Random Effects Model (REM). The results of the study showed that ICT has a positive statistical impact on economic growth. This means that increased Internet usage is leading to increased GDP growth. In order to increase GDP growth, Arab governments should continue to invest in ICT for their positive impact on economic growth.